GRI Standards Index

Statement of use Canon has reported in accordance with the GRI Standards for the period January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024.
This report also contains some information from before and after fiscal 2024.
GRI 1 used GRI 1: Foundation 2021
Applicable GRI Sector Standard(s) We comply with applicable sector standards as soon as they are made public.

GRI 2: General Disclosures 2021

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
1. The organization and its reporting practices
2-1
Organizational details

Canon Group Overview (P4)

THE CANON STORY

 
2-2
Entities included in the organization’s sustainability reporting

About This Report (P1)

Canon Group Overview (P4)

Annual Securities Report

 
2-3
Reporting period, frequency and contact point

About This Report (P1)

 
2-4
Restatements of information

About This Report (P1)

 
2-5
External assurance

About This Report (P1)

Third-party Assurance (PP97-98)

 
2. Activities and workers
2-6
Activities, value chain, and other business relationships

Canon Group Overview (P4)

Creating Positive Social and Environmental Impacts Through Products, Technologies and Solutions (PP7-8)

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/History of Canon (PP5-6)

Integrated Report 2025/Evolution of Business Plans (P17)

Integrated Report 2025/Progress of Phase VI (P18)

Integrated Report 2025/Business Strategy (PP19-28)

Integrated Report 2025/Supply Chain Management (PP49-50)

Business Report

 
2-7
Employees

Canon Group Overview (P4)

Data Summary/Hiring and Treatment of Human Resources (P5)

Integrated Report 2025/Human Resources Strategy (PP31-32)

 
2-8
Workers who are not employees

Hiring and Retaining Talent (P53)

 
3. Governance
2-9
Governance structure and composition

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Corporate Governance (PP79-83)

Integrated Report 2025/Corporate Governance (PP51-58)

Integrated Report 2025/Directors, Audit & Supervisory Board Members, and Executive Officers (PP59-60)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

THE CANON STORY

 
2-10
Nomination and selection of the highest governance body

Corporate Governance (PP79-83)

Integrated Report 2025/Corporate Governance (PP51-58)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

 
2-11
Chair of the highest governance body

Corporate Governance (PP79-83)

Integrated Report 2025/Corporate Governance (PP51-58)

Integrated Report 2025/Directors, Audit & Supervisory Board Members, and Executive Officers (PP59-60)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

Annual Securities Report

 
2-12
Role of the highest governance body in overseeing the management of impacts

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Stakeholder Engagement (P9)

Material Topics (PP10-11)

Environmental Management (PP13-16)

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Hiring and Treatment of Human Resources (PP52-56)

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (PP57-59)

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

Sociocultural Support Activities (PP67-72)

Product Responsibility (PP73-78)

Risk Management (PP84-89)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Information Security (PP95-96)

Integrated Report 2025/Initiatives for Society (PP45-50)

Integrated Report 2025/Corporate Governance (PP51-58)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

 
2-13
Delegation of responsibility for managing impacts

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Global Environmental Promotion System (P13)

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Hiring and Treatment of Human Resources (PP52-56)

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (PP57-59)

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

Sociocultural Support Activities (PP67-72)

Quality Assurance System (P73)

Process for Responding to Quality Issues (P77)

Corporate Governance (PP79-83)

Risk Management System (P84)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Information Security Promotion System (P95)

Integrated Report 2025/Initiatives for Society (PP45-50)

Integrated Report 2025/Supply Chain Management (PP49-50)

Integrated Report 2025/Corporate Governance (PP51-58)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

 
2-14
Role of the highest governance body in sustainability reporting

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Material Topics (PP10-11)

Climate Change (PP17-29)

 
2-15
Conflicts of interest

Corporate Governance (PP79-83)

Integrated Report 2025/Corporate Governance (PP51-58)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

 
2-16
Communication of critical concerns

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Global Environmental Promotion System (P13)

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Process for Responding to Quality Issues (P77)

Corporate Governance (PP79-83)

Risk Management System (P84)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Information Security Management System (PP95-96)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

Confidentiality: disclosure of the total number and the nature of critical concerns restricted due to confidentiality risks
2-17
Collective knowledge of the highest governance body

Training Policy for Directors and Audit & Supervisory Board Members (P83)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

 
2-18
Evaluation of the performance of the highest governance body

Corporate Governance (PP79-83)

Integrated Report 2025/Corporate Governance (PP51-58)

 
2-19
Remuneration policies

Executive Compensation (P83)

Integrated Report 2025/Executive Compensation (P54)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

 
2-20
Process to determine remuneration

Nomination and Remuneration Advisory Committee (P80)

Executive Compensation (P83)

Integrated Report 2025/Governance Structure (P51)

Integrated Report 2025/Executive Compensation (P54)

An Overview of Corporate Governance at Canon Inc.

 
2-21
Annual total compensation ratio

Annual Securities Report

In 2024, the ratio of average annual employee salary to CEO total compensation was 1:72.
4. Strategy, policies and practices
2-22
Statement on sustainable development strategy

Message from the CEO (P2)

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

 
2-23
Policy commitments

Corporate Philosophy (P3)

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Material Topics (PP10-11)

Approach (Environment) (P12)

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Approach (Society) (P45)

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

Ensuring Product Safety (PP74-75)

Risk Management (PP84-89)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/Materiality and SDGs (PP15-16)

 
2-24
Embedding policy commitments

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Environmental Management (PP13-16)

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Sociocultural Support Activities (PP67-72)

Risk Management (PP84-89)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

 
2-25
Processes to remediate negative impacts

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

Material Topics (PP10-11)

Approach (Environment) (P12)

Environmental Management (PP13-16)

Approach (Society) (P45)

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Hiring and Treatment of Human Resources (PP52-56)

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (PP57-59)

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

Promoting Corporate Ethics (P86)

Compliance System (P87)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Information Security (PP95-96)

Integrated Report 2025/Materiality and SDGs (PP15-16)

 
2-26
Mechanisms for seeking advice and raising concerns

Promoting Compliance (PP85-88)

 
2-27
Compliance with laws and regulations

Material Topics (PP10-11)

Confirming the Effectiveness of Environmental Management (P14)

Environmental Regulatory Compliance and Response to Complaints (P16)

Reported Human Rights-Related Cases and Compliance Violations (P48)

Reports, cases and compliance violations (P86)

Proper Payment of Taxes (P89)

Addressing the Issue of Responsible Minerals Sourcing (PP93-94)

Information Security Promotion System (P95)

 
2-28
Membership associations

Sustainability Management (PP5-6)

 
5. Stakeholder engagement
2-29
Approach to stakeholder engagement

Stakeholder Engagement (P9)

 
2-30
Collective bargaining agreements

Worker-management Relations (P56)

Data Summary/Percentage of Employee Membership in the Canon Workers’ Union (P7)

 

GRI 3: Material Topics 2021

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
3-1
Process to determine material topics

About This Report (P1)

Material Topics (PP10-11)

 
3-2
List of material topics

About This Report (P1)

Material Topics (PP10-11)

Approach (Environment) (P12)

Approach (Society) (P45)

Integrated Report 2025/Materiality and SDGs (PP15-16)

The topic-specific GRI Standards, which are closely related to Material Environmental and Social Topics, are as follows.
GRI 201-1: Direct economic value generated and distributed, GRI 201-2: Financial implications and other risks and opportunities due to climate change, GRI 202: Market Presence, GRI 203: Indirect Economic Impacts, GRI 301: Materials, GRI 302: Energy, GRI 303: Water and Effluents, GRI 304: Biodiversity, GRI 305: Emissions, GRI 306: Waste,, GRI 308: Supplier Environmental Assessment, GRI 401: Employment, GRI 402: Labor/Management Relations, GRI 403: Occupational Health and Safety, GRI 404: Training and Education, GRI 405: Diversity and Equal Opportunity, GRI 406: Non-discrimination, GRI 407: Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining, GRI 408: Child Labor, GRI 409: Forced or Compulsory Labor, GRI 410: Security Practices, GRI 411: Rights of Indigenous Peoples, GRI 412: Human Rights Assessment, GRI 413: Local Communities, GRI 414: Supplier Social Assessment
3-3
Management of material topics

Creating Positive Social and Environmental Impacts Through Products, Technologies and Solutions (PP7-8)

Material Topics (PP10-11)

Environment (PP12-44)

Society (PP45-72)

Risk Management (PP84-89)

Integrated Report 2025/Value Creation Process (PP13-14)

Integrated Report 2025/Materiality and SDGs (PP15-16)

Integrated Report 2025/R&D Strategy (PP33-34)

 

GRI 201: Economic Performance 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
201-1
Direct economic value generated and distributed

Canon Group Overview (P4)

Creating Local Employment Opportunities at Production Sites (P54)

Sociocultural Support Activities (PP67-72)

Data Summary/Comparison of Canon’s Minimum Wage to Local Minimum Wage (P6)

Data Summary/Base Salary and Total Salary per Employee by Gender (Canon Inc.) (P7)

Integrated Report 2025/History of Canon (PP5-6)

Integrated Report 2025/Evolution of Business Plans (P17)

Integrated Report 2025/Financial Data (PP61-62)

ANNUAL REPORT

Business Report

Annual Securities Report

Country-by-country reporting(CbCR)

CbCR XML format

CbCR(PDF/XML) is disclosed in a format based on EU directives.
201-2
Financial implications and other risks and opportunities due to climate change

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Integrated Report 2025/Climate Change (PP39-41)

 
201-3
Defined benefit plan obligations and other retirement plans

Corporate Pension Plan (P54)

Annual Securities Report

 
201-4
Financial assistance received from government
non-disclosure Confidentiality: disclosure of said information omitted for reasons of corporate confidentiality

GRI 202: Market Presence 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
202-1
Ratios of standard entry level wage by gender compared to local minimum wage

Data Summary/Comparison of Canon’s Minimum Wage to Local Minimum Wage (P6)

 
202-2
Proportion of senior management hired from the local community

Promoting Globalization of Executive Management (P53)

Data Summary/Ratio of Internationalization in Canon Group Companies Outside Japan (P6)

Data unavailable: Providing a single definition of “local areas or communities” at the Group level is difficult because Canon’s business development spans many different countries, regions and industrial sectors.

GRI 204: Procurement Practices 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
204-1
Proportion of spending on local suppliers
non-disclosure Data unavailable: Providing a single definition of “local areas or communities” at the Group level is difficult because Canon’s business development spans many different countries, regions and industrial sectors.

GRI 205: Anti-corruption 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
205-1
Operations assessed for risks related to corruption

Prevention of Corruption (PP87-88)

 
205-2
Communication and training about anti-corruption policies and procedures

Promoting Compliance (PP85-88)

 
205-3
Confirmed incidents of corruption and actions taken

Promoting Compliance (PP85-88)

 
"

GRI 206: Anti-competitive Behavior 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
206-1
Legal actions for anti-competitive behavior, anti-trust, and monopoly practices

Promoting Compliance (PP85-88)

 

GRI 207: TAX 2019

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
207-1
Approach to tax

Proper Payment of Taxes (P89)

 
207-2
Tax governance, control, and risk management

Proper Payment of Taxes (P89)

 
207-3
Stakeholder engagement and management of concerns related to tax

Proper Payment of Taxes (P89)

 
207-4
Country-by-country reporting

Country-by-country reporting(CbCR)

CbCR XML format

CbCR(PDF/XML) is disclosed in a format based on EU directives.

GRI 301: Materials 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
301-1
Materials used by weight or volume

Overview of Environmental Impacts (PP25-26)

Resource Efficiency (PP30-35)

 
301-2
Recycled input materials used

Resource Efficiency (PP30-35)

Weights disclosed refer to (1) materials used in the manufacture of product raw materials, and (2) re-used parts and recycled materials.
301-3
Reclaimed products and their packaging materials

Resource Efficiency (PP30-35)

Weights disclosed refer to (1) materials used in the manufacture of product raw materials, and (2) re-used parts and recycled materials.

GRI 302: Energy 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
302-1
Energy consumption within the organization

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Data Summary/Data on Energy (P1)

 
302-2
Energy consumption outside of the organization

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Data Summary/Data on Energy (P1)

 
302-3
Energy intensity

Climate Change (PP17-29)

 
302-4
Reduction of energy consumption

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Data Summary/Data on Energy (P1)

 
302-5
Reductions in energy requirements of products and services

Climate Change (PP17-29)

Data Summary/Environmental Accounting (P3)

 

GRI 304: Biodiversity 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
304-1
Operational sites owned, leased, managed in, or adjacent to, protected areas and areas of high biodiversity value outside protected areas

Biodiversity (PP39-44)

Integrated Report 2025/Biodiversity (P44)

Local environmental impact assessments are made prior to constructing any operating sites to ensure there are no critical issues. Canon also promotes business activities that are in line with its biodiversity policy.
304-2
Significant impacts of activities, products, and services on biodiversity

Biodiversity (PP39-44)

Integrated Report 2025/Biodiversity (P44)

Based on its biodiversity policy, Canon has instituted a range of regulations to ensure the responsible procurement of timber and wood products; efforts are made to evaluate and minimize any direct or indirect environmental impacts due to Canon products and services.
304-3
Habitats protected or restored

Biodiversity (PP39-44)

Integrated Report 2025/Biodiversity (P44)

 
304-4
IUCN Red List species and national conservation list species with habitats in areas affected by operations

Biodiversity (PP39-44)

Integrated Report 2025/Biodiversity (P44)

Local environmental impact assessments are made prior to constructing any operating sites to ensure there are no critical issues. Canon also promotes business activities that are in line with its biodiversity policy.

GRI 308: Supplier Environmental Assessment 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
308-1
New suppliers that were screened using environmental criteria

Chemical Substances (PP36-38)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/Supply Chain Management (PP49-50)

The Canon Green Procurement Standards define the standards relating to environmental performance with which Canon expects all its suppliers to comply.
308-2
Negative environmental impacts in the supply chain and actions taken

Chemical Substances (PP36-38)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/Supply Chain Management (PP49-50)

The Canon Green Procurement Standards define the standards relating to environmental performance with which Canon expects all its suppliers to comply. In the event of a supplier causing any negative environmental impact, Canon expects that firm to undertake prompt remedial action and report on improvements. The number of suppliers that are subject to assessment or remedial action is not disclosed for reasons of corporate confidentiality.

GRI 402: Labor/Management Relations 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
402-1
Minimum notice periods regarding operational changes

Minimum Notification Period for Changes in Work Duties (P56)

 

GRI 403: Occupational Health and Safety 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
403-1
Occupational health and safety management system

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

 
403-2
Hazard identification, risk assessment, and incident investigation

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

 
403-3
Occupational health services

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

 
403-4
Worker participation, consultation, and communication on occupational health and safety

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

 
403-5
Worker training on occupational health and safety

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

 
403-6
Promotion of worker health

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

Data Summary/Health checkups (Canon Inc.) (P9)

Data Summary/Stress Check Results (Canon Inc.) (P9)

Data Summary/Various health support measure (Canon Inc.) (P9)

 
403-7
Prevention and mitigation of occupational health and safety impacts directly linked by business relationships

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

 
403-8
Workers covered by an occupational health and safety management system

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

 
403-9
Work-related injuries

Data Summary/Annual Hours Worked per Employee (Canon Inc.) (P7)

Data Summary/Numbers and Frequency of Occupational Accidents (Canon Inc., Key Group Companies in Japan) (P9)

 
403-10
Work-related ill health

Occupational Safety and Health Management (PP60-62)

Data Summary/Numbers and Frequency of Occupational Accidents (Canon Inc., Key Group Companies in Japan) (P9)

Data Summary/Numbers and Frequency of Occupational Accidents (Canon Inc., Key Group Companies in Japan) (P9)

 

GRI 405: Diversity and Equal Opportunity 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
405-1
Diversity of governance bodies and employees

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (PP57-59)

Data Summary/Hiring and Treatment of Human Resources (PP5-7)

Data Summary/Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (PP7-8)

 
405-2
Ratio of basic salary and remuneration of women to men

Promoting the Active Participation of Women (PP57-58)

Data Summary/Base Salary and Total Salary per Employee by Gender (Canon Inc.) (P7)

Across the Group, remuneration is based on skills and performance, but is not defined by gender. Remuneration also varies according to factors such as age and qualifications.

GRI 406: Non-discrimination 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
406-1
Incidents of discrimination and corrective actions taken

Respecting Human Rights (PP46-51)

Integrated Report 2025/3. Instituting and Operating a Grievance Mechanism (P47)

 

GRI 407: Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
407-1
Operations and suppliers in which the right to freedom of association and collective bargaining may be at risk

Respect for Freedom of Association and the Right to Collective Bargaining (P49)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/6. Addressing Human Rights Risks in the Supply Chain (P48)

Confidentiality: disclosure of said information restricted from Canon's standpoint due to the confidentiality risks relating to some content. Suppliers are given and expected to comply with the Canon Supplier CSR Guidelines, and a dedicated hotline exists to provide people with related information.

GRI 408: Child Labor 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
408-1
Operations and suppliers at significant risk for incidents of child labor

Prevention of Child and Forced Labor and Unreasonable Restrictions on Movements (P51)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/6. Addressing Human Rights Risks in the Supply Chain (P48)

Confidentiality: disclosure of said information restricted from Canon's standpoint due to the confidentiality risks relating to some content. Suppliers are given and expected to comply with the Canon Supplier CSR Guidelines, and a dedicated hotline exists to provide people with related information.

GRI 409: Forced or Compulsory Labor 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
409-1
Operations and suppliers at significant risk for incidents of forced or compulsory labor

Prevention of Child and Forced Labor and Unreasonable Restrictions on Movements (P51)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/6. Addressing Human Rights Risks in the Supply Chain (P48)

Confidentiality: disclosure of said information restricted from Canon's standpoint due to the confidentiality risks relating to some content. Suppliers are given and expected to comply with the Canon Supplier CSR Guidelines, and a dedicated hotline exists to provide people with related information.

GRI 410: Security Practices 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
410-1
Security personnel trained in human rights policies or procedures

Evaluation & Improvement of Human Rights Risk-related Activities at Canon Group Production Sites (PP50-51)

 

GRI 411: Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
411-1
Incidents of violations involving rights of indigenous peoples

Grievance Mechanism (P48)

Integrated Report 2025/3. Instituting and Operating a Grievance Mechanism (P47)

Confidentiality: Canon has established a hotline for outside stakeholders, including indigenous peoples. We have investigated the facts of reported cases, and for any problem that was identified, we are taking appropriate procedures to correct it and prevent recurrence. Moreover, from the standpoint of confidentiality, we deemed that detailed disclosure is not necessary.

GRI 413: Local Communities 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
413-1
Operations with local community engagement, impact assessments, and development programs

Stakeholder Engagement (P9)

Biodiversity (PP39-44)

Stakeholder Engagement (P49)

Sociocultural Support Activities (PP67-72)

Integrated Report 2025/Biodiversity (P44)

Canon Bird Branch Project Website

Local environmental impact assessments are made prior to constructing any operating sites to ensure there are no critical issues. All sites operate with proper consideration for the local environment and community.
413-2
Operations with significant actual and potential negative impacts on local communities

Initiatives to Reduce Waste at Operational Sites (P35)

Biodiversity (PP39-44)

Local environmental impact assessments are made prior to constructing any operating sites to ensure there are no critical issues. All sites operate with proper consideration for the local environment and community.

GRI 414: Supplier Social Assessment 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
414-1
New suppliers that were screened using social criteria

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/Supply Chain Management (PP49-50)

Prior to entering any business relationship with a new supplier, Canon conducts checks to see if the company meets Canon standards in areas such as finances, management set-up, business ethics, and environmental protection. Only firms meeting the criteria are registered on Canon's official Supplier List.
414-2
Negative social impacts in the supply chain and actions taken

Implementation of Human Rights Due Diligence (P47)

Respect for Human Rights in the Supply Chain (P51)

Supply Chain Management (PP90-94)

Integrated Report 2025/Supply Chain Management (PP49-50)

 

GRI 415: Public Policy 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
415-1
Political contributions
non-disclosure Confidentiality: disclosure of said information restricted due to confidentiality risks relating to parts of content

GRI 416: Customer Health and Safety 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
416-1
Assessment of the health and safety impacts of product and service categories

Ensuring Product Safety (PP74-75)

Confidentiality: disclosure of said information restricted due to confidential information. Please refer to "Ensuring Product Safety" for specific initiatives, standards and goals.
416-2
Incidents of non-compliance concerning the health and safety impacts of products and services

Voluntary Action Plan Based on the Basic Policy on Product Safety (P74)

Process for Responding to Quality Issues (P77)

 

GRI 417: Marketing and Labeling 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
417-1
Requirements for product and service information and labeling
non-disclosure Data unavailable: said information is not collected currently
417-2
Incidents of non-compliance concerning product and service information and labeling

Process for Responding to Quality Issues (P77)

 
417-3
Incidents of non-compliance concerning marketing communications
non-disclosure Confidentiality: any compliance violations resulting in penalties, fines or punishments are disclosed appropriately in the reports filed with relevant government entities

GRI 418: Customer Privacy 2016

Index Data Reason for Omission/Explanation
418-1
Substantiated complaints concerning breaches of customer privacy and losses of customer data

Information Security (PP95-96)

 

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